START HERE USA Today Drug smuggling, and the endless battle to stop it. Gustavo Solis [Not seeing date] https://www.usatoday.com/border-wall/story/drug-trafficking- smuggling-cartels-tunnels/559814001/#! Excerpt: After the government built fences in San Diego, drug smugglers turned to the ocean, underground tunnels and, most commonly, the ports of entry. Last year more than 90 percent of the drug seizures happened in the port of entry, where millions of cars drive into San Diego from Mexico every year. …Since 2001, the San Diego Sector’s Tunnel Task Force has found more than 60 smuggling tunnels in the county. “With the advent of the infrastructure between the ports of entry, one of the unintended consequences were the huge narcotics tunnels that were created that went over 100 feet deep and ran seven or eight football fields in length,” says Unzueta. Most of those tunnels are in Otay Mesa, a massive warehouse district just north of a commercial truck port of entry. https://www.usatoday.com/border-wall/story/drug-trafficking- smuggling-cartels-tunnels/559814001/#! SOME MORE DETAIL 2023 Smuggling Tunnel [PF Note 2023/1/24: Microsoft blocked her video-maybe something is off- use discretion and caution, have not seen video at this point and so far cannot find other articles/news media on subject] https://rumble.com/v21yv5w-a-massive-smuggling-tunnel-was-just- discovered-at-the-southern-border.html 2023/01/22 CEO and Founder of Women Fighting For America, Christie Hutcherson, says that a MASSIVE smuggling tunnel was just discovered at the US/Mexico border. #BidenBorderCrisis #BorderInvasion Watch LIVE bit.ly/plutolive; Watch more #DrGina #PrimeTime here: https://americasvoice.news/video/2i0U6qCvhIS9Phh 2022 Tijuana-San Diego Warehouse News Nation Now 2022/05/17 Massive Drug Tunnel Found in California. J.J. Bullock, Robert Sherman https://www.newsnationnow.com/us-news/immigration/border- coverage/drug-smuggling-tunnel-discovered-by- authorities/#:~:text=The%20opening%20of%20a%20cross- An 1,800-foot tunnel connecting Tijuana, Mexico, with a warehouse near San Diego, California has been discovered by authorities, leading to the seizure of drugs and the arrest of suspected smugglers. 2021 Mexicali-El Centro Border Patrol Area Ice dot gov 2021/08/21 Sophisticated subterranean tunnel discovered near US-Mexico Border https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/sophisticated-subterranean-tunnel- discovered-near-us-mexico-border 2020 Kept Working Despite Early Covid-19 Period “I hope this sends a clear message that despite the ongoing public health crisis, HSI and our law enforcement partners will remain resilient and continue to pursue criminal organizations responsible for the cross- border smuggling of narcotics into the United States.” --Cardell T. Morant, Acting Special Agent in Charge of HSI San Diego - March 2020 case Tijuana to San Diego Otay Mesa Warehouse 2020/03/19 Tijuana to San Diego-Otay Mesa-warehouse in commercial complex/ more than 2000 feet. Agents seized approximately 1,300 pounds of cocaine, 86 pounds of methamphetamine, 17 pounds of heroin, 3,000 pounds of marijuana and more than two pounds of fentanyl from the tunnel. The large seizure of mixed drugs represents the first time in San Diego’s history where five different types of drugs were found inside a tunnel. The total street value of the drugs seized from the tunnel is estimated at $29.6 million. 2020/02 Arizona border - Nogales, Mexico to Nogales, Arizona; Grand Avenue drainage system, Dennis DeConcini port of entry. An incomplete smuggling tunnel was discovered by authorities at the Arizona-Mexico border — the 126th underground pathway found by border agents in that area since 1990; S Customs and Border Protection agents, along with Mexican authorities, located the tunnel that originated at a drainage facility in Nogales, Mexico, and extended 30 feet into Nogales, Arizona, CBP said in a press release. Described by authorities as a “rudimentary” tunnel, the hand-dug pathway had no shoring, ventilation or lighting. Its depth was about 20-feet. (NY Post 2020/02/27 and Tucson Sentinel-2020/02/27in Articles by Year below) 2019 2019 August, Tijuana to San Diego/4309 ft articles start coming out in 2020/January. Stretching more than three-quarters of a mile from an industrial site in Tijuana, Mexico, to the San Diego area.4309 feet.The tunnel featured an extensive rail cart system, forced air ventilation, high voltage electrical cables and panels, an elevator at the tunnel entrance and a drainage system. While there were no arrests, no drugs found at the site and no confirmed exit point in the U.S., the length — more than 14 football fields — stunned authorities. 2015 2015 Tijuana to San Diego-Chicago & Midwest/2600 ft - Tijuana Warehouse to San Diego Warehouse. Fed shut down cartel supertunnel, stretched about 2,600 feet, which would make it one of the longest ever built under the U.S.-Mexico border.San Diego area with pipelines to Chicago and Midwest. Feds shut down cartel supertunnel that fed into Chicago 2012 2012 Nogales Arizona. Tunnel had electricity and ventilation. 2011 2011 November Southern California 550 metre tunnel 32 tons of marijuana both sides of the border. That tunnel was equipped with electric railcars, lighting and ventilation while wooden planks lined the floor. 2010 2010/11/26 - Tijuana to San Diego (Otay Mesa). 2010/11 Tijuana to San Diego (Otay Mesa). Both of these tunnels likely linked to Sinaloa cartel. 2600 foot tunnel. 2006/01/25 - Tijuana Airport area to San Diego warehouse. US - Mexico border; V&F distributors LLC. Tijuana’s Arellano-Felix Drug Syndicate likely. 2400 foot long tunnel LIST OVERVIEWS - Tunnel Smuggling Lists at points in time (to that date then) 2011 LIST/OVERVIEW Insight Crime gives a good rendering of tunnels found in San Diego and Nogales to date and tunnel discovery technology up to that point 2013 LIST/OVERVIEW San Diego Tribune newspaper puts out a list of tunnels to date (Articles by Year below) PARAGUAY PRISON TUNNEL New York Times 2020/01/19 75 Drug Cartel Members Tunnel Out of Paraguay Prison. By Santi Carneri and Ernesto Londoño https //www nytimes co /2020/01/19/world/americas/paraguay- prison-escape-tunnelhtml National Post 2020/01/20 Highly dangerous people': Brazilian cartel uses tunnel to free 75 inmates from Paraguay prison With more than 10,000 members, the PCC is one of Brazil’s largest criminal organizations https://nationalpost.com/news/world/highly-dangerous- people-brazilian-cartel-uses-tunnel-to-free-75-prisoners-from- paraguay-prison In a feat reminiscent of Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman, at least 75 members of one of South America’s most notorious criminal gangs launched a spectacular jail break in Paraguay. The prisoners, including six alleged contract killers, appear to have fled through a large tunnel, the newspaper ABC reported. The justice ministry initially said 91 had escaped, and later reduced that figure to 75. All 75 remain at large in the area around the Brazil-Paraguay border; among them are an estimated 40 Brazilians and the remainder Paraguayans. The tunnel, which started in a cell and ended outside the prison walls, may have been a red herring to mask the fact that most of the escapees simply walked out of the main door, Interior Minister Euclides Acevedo told the TV station Telefuturo. Investigators believe some of them may even have left the prison in previous days, he said. The prisoners were members of the drug gang First Command of the Capital, known as PCC, Justice Minister Cecilia Perez told Telefuturo. With more than 10,000 members, the PCC is one of Brazil’s largest criminal organizations. The PCC dominates the drug trade and prisons in Sao Paulo and in recent years has expanded its operations into other countries including Paraguay. https://nationalpost.com/news/world/highly-dangerous- people-brazilian-cartel-uses-tunnel-to-free-75-prisoners-from- paraguay-prison HISTORIC El Paso -Possible Opium Smuggling Tunnel of 1900-1920 near El Paso, Texas Fox News 2018/01/30 Border Patrol agents find tunnel in El Paso that connects city to storied past https://www.foxnews.com/us/border-patrol-agents-find- tunnel-in-el-paso-that-connects-city-to-storied-past Border Patrol agents in El Paso, Texas found a 75-foot tunnel along the U.S. bank of the Rio Grande river – and one former Border Patrol chief believes its origins could go back 100 years. TUNNEL DETECTION TECHNOLOGY 2018 National Defense Magazine 2018/01/02 Going Underground: The U.S. Government’s Hunt for Enemy Tunnels. By Jon Harper https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/1/2/going- underground-the-us-governments-hunt-for-enemy-tunnels 2014 National Post 2014/01/15 How Mexico drug tunnels are built and a closer look at the new border agency robots that will patrol t hem. By AP https //nationalpost com/news/how-mexico-drug-tunnels-are-built-and-a- closer-look-at-the-new-border-agency-robots-that-will-patrol-them Excerpt: The job of searching these networks can be dangerous, so the U.S. Border Patrol is unveiling its latest technology in the underground war — a wireless, camera-equipped robot that can do the job in a fraction of the time. The agency is using the devices to keep agents out of harm’s way as many tunnels can be poorly built and possibly collapse and lack proper ventilation. The 5.4-kilogram robots also let agents navigate an underground labyrinth in a fraction of the time it would take an agent to explore the tunnel. And the devices can be used in tunnels and pipes where agents can’t fit. The tunnel robots have been in use by Border Patrol for several years. But the agency recently paid $109,000 for the three new cameras with money from an asset forfeiture fund, which comes from the seizure of property in criminal cases, including drug cases involving cartel members, the Border Patrol said…HOW ARE TUNNELS EXPLORED AND INVESTIGATED ONCE THEY’RE LOCATED? So-called tunnel robots have been in use by Border Patrol for several years. They can safely navigate through corrugated pipes, tunnels, and drainage systems while an agent controls the device from the surface, seeing what the robot sees on a handheld screen. The robots are used, in part, as a safety measure to keep agents out of harm’s way as many tunnels can be poorly built and possibly collapse and lack proper ventilation. They also can navigate an underground labyrinth in a fraction of the time it would take an agent to explore the tunnel. Some of the newer robots, which weigh about 5.5 kilograms and can navigate through passageways that are only several feet wide, are being deployed this year across southern Arizona and California. https //nationalpost com/news/how-mexico-drug-tunnels-are-built-and-a- closer-look-at-the-new-border-agency-robots-that-will-patrol-them 2011 Insight Crime 2011/11/16 Tunnel Detection Technology at Mexico Border: Worth the Effort? ANALYSISWritten by Elyssa Pachico https //www insightcrime org/news/analysis/tunnel-detection- technology-at-mexico-border-worth-the-effort/ Excerpt: One project experiments with ground sensors that use seismic waves to detect movement underground, as well as robots that map the terrain using infrared and other technologies. There a various technologies the U.S. can use to detect tunnels, but all have their limitations. Ground penetrating radar does a poor job at detecting anything before 40 feet. This does little good considering that one tunnel discovered between San Diego and Tijuana traveled at a depth of almost 100 feet below the surface. Ground radar readings are also affected by ground conditions, and give poor results in urban settings or in damp, clay-rich soils. Other research involves microgravity — the measurement of minute changes in Earth’s gravitational field caused by cavities in the ground. However, the equipment is costly and could give many false alarms. Other technologies using cosmic rays and electrodes have proven to be as equally limited. Tunnels vary greatly in dimension and depth, which also complicates detection through these high-tech methods. The Department of Defense is reportedly most focused on developing seismic and infrared technology to detect tunnels, although the Department of Homeland Security has observed that such research is slow and “labor intensive.” Israel has reportedly developed another method, using fiber optic cables, to track the tunnels excavated in the Gaza Strip and Lebanon. But installing such a system on a mass scale would be expensive and vulnerable to tampering. https //www insightcrime org/news/analysis/tunnel-detection- technology-at-mexico-border-worth-the-effort/ 2010 Mitre dot org 2010/09 UNDERGROUND RADAR SYSTEMS: FIGHTING TUNNELS WITH TUNNELS To aid the U.S. Border Patrol in the time-consuming and difficult task of locating smuggling tunnels, MITRE has designed a prototype system to boost the capability of ground-penetrating radar. https //www mitre org/publications/project-stories/underground-radar- systems-fighting-tunnels-with-tunnels Excerpt: Last summer, while pursuing a tip from an alert citizen, the border patrol in Nogales surprised a smuggler sawing a hole from beneath the floor of an empty building. Under the building the agents found a tunnel that stretched 83 feet to its origin in Mexico. The tunnel, a sophisticated construction complete with ventilation and lighting, was the largest of the more than 60 tunnels the border patrol had uncovered in Nogales. Along the entire Mexican border, agents have uncovered more than 100 smuggling tunnels. But finding each of these tunnels is time- consuming and difficult. To provide the border patrol with a reliable technological tool, MITRE designed a prototype system to boost the ability of ground-penetrating radar to spot tunnels. By running radar sensors through horizontal boreholes burrowed underground, border agents could get a much clearer view of the clandestine activity beneath their feet. Underground Assistance: Each of the smuggling tunnels near Nogales was uncovered through the border patrol's diligent intelligence gathering. While there is no replacing old-fashioned detective work, technology to reliably detect underground tunnels can only help make border agents' tough job easier. But the technology tested so far has not proved up to the task. For example, other sensors, such as current seismic sensors, have problems picking up signals in the midst of a noisy urban environment whereas the technology developed at MITRE does equally well in urban and isolated rural environments. For some time, the Border Patrol has relied on ground-penetrating radar sensors placed on the surface of the border. But smugglers have taken advantage of the limited ability of the radar to peer through the surface clay and sand composition of the terrain along the majority of the border by burrowing their tunnels deep enough underground—up to 90 feet—to escape detection. Underground sensors, however, have not proven the better alternative. https //www mitre org/publications/project-stories/underground-radar- systems-fighting-tunnels-with-tunnels ARTICLES BY YEAR Note: several of these articles came from the source list in Wikipedia, excerpted down at bottom of this by-year list 2021 August KKTV 2021/08/10 Sophisticated’ underground tunnel discovered near US- Mexico border https://www.kktv.com/2021/08/10/sophisticated-underground- tunnel-discovered-near-us-mexico-border… CALEXICO, Calif. (KKTV) - Authorities discovered an underground tunnel that investigators believe drug traffickers were planning to use near the U.S.-Mexico border. In early August, the U.S. immigration and Customs Enforcement shared details on the discovery with the public. The 183-foot long subterranean tunnel was found in Mexicali, just south of the international border. The sophisticated tunnel ran just 3 feet north of the border wall but didn’t have an exit on the U.S. side of the border. 10 News 2021/08/09 ICE: Drug tunnel discovered in Mexicali, near US-Mexico border. Jermaine Ong https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/ice-drug-tunnel- discovered-in-mexicali-near-us-mexico-border SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- A tunnel used by a drug trafficking organization was discovered inside a home near the U.S.-Mexico border last week, Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials said. July Business Insider 2021/07/26 The 'US-Mexico border is literally riddled with tunnels' https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/the-us-mexico-border-is- literally-riddled-with- tunnels/slidelist/53986014.cms#slideid=53986045 Excerpt: Narco tunnels have proliferated along the US-Mexico border, but it was the Sinaloa cartel that pioneered this method of subterranean smuggling, first in its area of influence along the Arizona border, expanding all along the frontier as the cartel grew in power…The Sinaloa cartel's tunneling activity is heavily concentrated in the Tijuana area. Many of them have been found to stretch from Garita de Otay, an industrial area in the northern part of the city, to Otay Mesa, a neighborhood in San Diego that "consists of highways, strip malls, and a few hundred warehouses clustered near the border."…The industrial activity and infrastructure on both sides of the border in the Tijuana-San Diego area has been a boon to smugglers…ndustrial activity, as well as the flow of people and cargo between Tijuana and San Diego, provides excellent cover for illegal activity. "The bottom line is, you can probably shoot a bullet in the air and it’ll land on a warehouse that’s doing something illegal in this area," Tim Durst, then the supervisor of the San Diego Tunnel Task Force, told GQ in 2014…One of the Sinaloa cartel's first tunneling gurus was Felipe de Jesus Corona-Verbera, who graduated from architecture school at the University of Guadalajara in 1980. Corona, who was close with Guzmán, was the driving force behind the cartel's first major tunnel, which connected Agua Prieta in Mexico with Douglas, Arizona…The Sinaloa cartel later had another tunnel mastermind: Jose Sanchez-Villalobos…Villalobos was an adept manager who coordinated multiple tunnel projects while keeping a low profile. “Nothing I’ve ever seen criminally has worked as efficiently as it did when he was the boss,” an agent told The New Yorker… Daily Mail 2021/07/30 El Chapo’s drug tunnel architect is jailed for 10 years for creating underground passageways fitted with rail tracks, hydraulic steel doors and elevators to shuttle narcotics from Mexico to California. . By Adry Torres. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9844173/San-Diego-court- sentences-El-Chapos-drug-tunnel-architect-10-years-priso Concho Valley Home Page dot com 2021/07/29 Rep. Pfluger’s bill to seal tunnels between U.S. and Mexico advanced by House Committee on Homeland Security. By Senora Scott https://www.conchovalleyhomepage.com/news/local- news/rep-pflugers-bill-to-seal-tunnels-between-u-s-and- mexico-advanced-by-house-committee-on-homeland- security/ May CBS8 dot com 2021/05/07 Drug tunnel discovered in Tijuana. Mexican Federal Police described the tunnel as "sophisticated." https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/special-reports/at-the- border/drug-tunnel-discovered-in-tijuana/509-0f703497-a13e- 4704-82b7-56d1afdf1ccc 2020 AP News 2020/03/31 "US finds major cross-border tunnel used to smuggle drugs". https //en wikipedia org/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel#:~:text=As%20of%20September%2 030%2C%202015,US%20Border%20Patrol%20task%20force. AP News 2020/01/29 January Authorities find longest Southwest border smuggling tunnel By ELLIOT SPAGAT https://apnews.com/21b592aa0a812225dad0e44f2538de54 The tunnel exposes limitations of President Donald Trump’s border wall, which stretches several feet underground in the area and is considered effective against small, crudely built tunnels often called “gopher holes.” The one announced Wednesday was found about 70 feet (21 meters) underground, well below the wall. *Following the discovery in August, Mexican law enforcement identified the entrance and U.S. investigators mapped the tunnel that extends a total of 4,309 feet. (1,313 meters). The next longest tunnel in the U.S. was discovered in San Diego in 2014. It was 2,966 feet (904 meters) long. DEA 2020/03/31 San Diego Tunnel Task Force uncovers sophisticated cross-border drug tunnel under the U.S./Mexico border. (Note: San Diego John W. Callery, Special Agent in Charge) Federal agents seize 4,400 pounds of illicit drugs from the tunnel’s exit in the U.S. https //www dea gov/press-releases/2020/03/31/san-diego- tunnel-task-force-uncovers-sophisticated-cross-border-drug Excerpt: SAN DIEGO – Federal agents on the San Diego Tunnel Task Force uncovered a sophisticated drug smuggling tunnel on Thursday, March 19, which extends under the United States- Mexico border to a warehouse in a commercial complex in the Otay Mesa area of San Diego. The discovery of the tunnel resulted from an ongoing investigation by members on the San Diego Tunnel Task Force, which include Homeland Security Investigations, U.S. Border Patrol, the Drug Enforcement Administration and the United States Attorney’s Office. https //www dea gov/press-releases/2020/03/31/san-diego- tunnel-task-force-uncovers-sophisticated-cross-border-drug Fox News 2020/09/24 From bomb-affixed drones to narco tanks and ventilated tunnels: How well-equipped are the Mexican cartels? By Hollie McKay Arsenals are expanding and advancing as profits increase, experts warn https://www.foxnews.com/world/mexico-cartels-narco-tanks- drones-bombs Guardian 4309 ft tunnel - Below are 2020 articles from an August 2019* tunnel discovery 2020/01/29 Tunnel discovered on US-Mexico border is longest ever ... https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/29/drug.. Independent 4309 ft tunnel - Below are 2020 articles from an August 2019* tunnel discovery 2020/01/30 Authorities have not named any suspects but the area where the tunnel began has been a stronghold of Mexico’s Sinaloa cartel, whose longtim leder Joaquin El https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/... New York Post 2020/02/27 Smuggling Tunnel dug by hand discovered at US Mexico border. By Kenneth Garger https //nypost com/2020/02/27/smuggling-tunnel-dug-by- hand-discovered-at-us-mexico-border/ Tucson Sentinel 2020/02/27 New cross-border smuggling tunnel found in Nogales, first of 2020. By Paul Ingram. http //www tucsonsentinel com/local/report/022720_nogales_tunnel/new-cross-border- smuggling-tunnel-found-nogales-first-2020/ 2018 Daily Mail Feds find a tunnel leading from the kitchen of an old KFC in Arizona to a trap door in a bedroom in Mexico which smugglers pulled bags of drugs along using a rope https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6091365/Feds-drug- tunnel-leading-kitchen-old-KFC-Arizona-Mexico.html Fox News 2018/01/30 Border Patrol agents find tunnel in El Paso that connects city to storied past https //www foxnews com/us/border-patrol-agents-find-tunnel-in-el-paso- that-connects-city-to-storied-past Border Patrol agents in El Paso, Texas found a 75-foot tunnel along the U.S. bank of the Rio Grande river – and one former Border Patrol chief believes its origins could go back 100 years. 2016 Cross-Border Tunnels and Border Tunnel Prevention: Fiscal Year 2015 Report to Congress (Report). United States Department of Homeland Security U.S. Customs and Border Protection. 2016. p. 6. Retrieved 22 December 2018. As of September 30, 2015, 183 illicit cross-border tunnels have been discovered in the United States since Fiscal Year 1990 2015 ABC7 I Team Investigation By Chuck Goudie 2015/10/23 Fed shut down cartel supertunnel San Diego area with pipelines to Chicago and Midwest. Feds shut down cartel supertunnel that fed into Chicago Excerpt: The top drug enforcement agent in Chicago keeps an eye on Mexico's drug cartels, primarily the Sinaloa cartel owned and operated by Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman. It is no coincidence that El Chapo escaped a maximum security prison by tunnel last summer as his operatives are skilled tunnel engineers and builders. The cross-border tunnel discovered by U.S. authorities on Wednesday is, they say, one of the longest and most elaborate underground passageways they have ever seen. Equipped with a lighting and ventilation system, the drug smuggling subway…According to U.S. authorities the passageway stretched about 2,600 feet, which would make it one of the longest ever built under the U.S.-Mexico border. https://abc7chicago.com/i-team-sinaloa-cartel-drug-smuggling- tunnel/1048395/ 2014 AP-Associated Press Billeaud (14 January 2014). "How tunnels are built, used along U.S.-Mexico border". KPBS. Nogales, Arizona. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 April 2014. Arizona Central (AZ Central dot com) 2014/11/12 "Largest-ever drug tunnel in Nogales found". azcentral.com. Retrieved 12 November 2014 2014 National Post

• Start Here • El Chapo (box insert to right) • Brief Summary of a few Smuggling • A Little More Detail • List Overview --------------------------- SMUGGLING TUNNELS BRIEF Brief Summary of Smuggling Tunnels to USA • 2022 Tijuana-San Diego Warehouse 1800 ft • 2021 Mexicali-El Centro Border Patrol Area • 2020 Tijuana to San Diego Otay Mesa Warehouse 2000 ft • Arizona border - Nogales, Mexico to Nogales, Arizona; incomplete • 2019 Tijuana to San Diego/4309 ft • 2015 Tijuana to San Diego-Chicago & Midwest/2600 ft • 2012 Nogales Arizona. Tunnel had electricity and ventilation. • 2011 November Southern California 550 metre tunnel • 2010 Two tunnels. •

BORDERS SECTION • 1 Information, Updates o 1a General Information o 1b Monthly o 1c monthly, cont. • 2 States o 2a Chkpts, States o 2b Arizona o 2c New Mexico • 3 Agencies and BP • 4-Lawsuits and BP • 5 Terms • 6 Legislation o 6a General, News o 6b Bills • 7 Sanctuary Cities • 8 Tunnels Smuggling o 8a El Chapo, Lists o 8b Detection • 9 Ports Security Risks • 10 Drones • 11 Hum. Trafficking • 12 Sheriff/Agent Input • 13 American Victims of Illegal Immigrants • 14 Govt Leaders Border States • 15 Transporting Migrants • 16 Links List Related Subjects • La Raza • Funding Arena: o 1 Slush o 2 Donations o 3 Terrorism o 4 George Soros o 5 Grants o 6 Lawsuits